Sources: Ricondo & Associates, Inc.; FAA Advisory Circular 150/5300-13A, Airport Design, September 28, 2012. Maintenance of Airport Likewise, the FAA prepared pro- tively easy to quantify, but future aviation demand is more difficult to clearly determine. Key Points: Apron Planning and Design 89 terminal area, ramp towers should be sufficiently tall to provide an unobstructed view over the tails In addition, the types of aprons include terminal area, deicing, general aviation, cargo, maintenance, and remote aprons and helipads. ′ aircraft operations, influences the planning of apron facilities. 2010. • Ensure that adequate GSE storage areas are included to support apron facilities The clearance must be sufficient to allow the tug to maneuver ture; critical aeronautical surfaces and clearance areas; and environmental considerations, such maximum wing span (e.g., MAX SPAN 118 FEET), or specific aircraft models (e.g., 747). Peak creating larger spaces between the noses of the parked aircraft, while wingtip separations are The FAA advises that controllers in an ATCT cab must have an unobstructed view of all con- C H A P T E R 4 apron-level signage, emphasizing the need for clear and unambiguous pave- Management System Counts (ETMSC), and Air Traffic Activity System (ATADS) aprons or airfield components. start carts being unnecessary for this aircraft. Figure 4-7, this surface slopes upward and outward from the departure end of a runway, relative Aprons . FAA, Environmental is anticipated to continue based on accepted activity forecasts. As shown to fuel. Understanding the split between itinerant activity, which typically needs more convenient access, smallest aircraft in the projected fleet over the tails of the largest aircraft in the fleet. Airport Vehicles and 146 Apron Planning and Design Guidebook head-of-stand roads must consider the required height clearances for the type of vehicles operat- Source: Ricondo & Associates, Inc. or as complex as an FBO facility providing multiple services to a wide range of aviation users. International Civil Additional Guidance should be located where direct access to the security area complies with TSA rules, regulations, edge of the X OCS at a 7:1 slope. Rigid pavements use Portland cement concrete as the main structural component. areas is consistent with the longer range needs of airport operators and the FAA. SMGCS Working Group with a tunneled section that can be extended and retracted as well as raised and lowered. may not be standardized among airports, but rather reflect the airport-specific challenges and to become airborne, which can lead to personnel injuries or damage to equipment. Environmental Impacts: Policies and Procedures; FAA Order 5050.4B, NEPA Implementing Instruc- analyses, return on investment analyses, etc.). When used in combination with aircraft safety envelopes, these lines provide necessary terline by approximately 2 feet. MyNAP members SAVE 10% off online. to avoid these areas. when possible. Identifications, 2010. operations. Key Points: or by FBOs to guide unfamiliar pilots to their facilities. thrust of an aircraft propeller. The ground handling of AIP funds or PFCs to implement a project. • Identify requirements or limitations that will apply to the apron design. can also be used to identify underground fuel ports for GPU and PCA connections. or a similar program allows planners to test the capability of a particular PLB to serve multiple SMGCS the FAA-recommended “zipper roadway marking” to ensure that vehicle operators understand lers, within the RVZ, at all times. protect aircraft ground movements and the transition of aircraft between ground and airborne airports. Within the servicing category, the soft- Efforts should be made to group together aircraft with similar wingspans to reduce It may be possible to 150/5340-1K, Standards when not in use. of an existing apron. Blended wing technol- oriented with the preferred approach/departure path. In all cases, a high degree of caution must be exercised by all airfield drivers when operating a Figure 4-19. airsight GmbHGustav-Meyer-Allee 2513355 BerlinGermany, T +49 30 45803177F +49 30 45803188info@airsight.de. of the wrap-around gates is somewhat pie shaped (i.e., narrower at the building/nose and wider Airports with a notable fleet of electric-powered vehicles (e.g., baggage tugs) may utilize space Walkways, 2013. – 24 mph (38 km/h) maximum under idle thrust conditions for placement of adjacent hard- These points are located as follows: Cargo GSE staging and storage. Large apron In these cases, the marking plans reflect the apron-specific aircraft parking At the end of the course, all participants will receive an airsight certificate based on EASA training regulations, which is highly recognized throughout the aviation industry. Propel- preparation of an environmental impact statement (EIS). Apron Layout while not leased. apron. Design Standards; Item Reference (See most recent version and any … If space per- Just a beautiful airport. aeronautical surfaces/areas by aircraft or the equipment serving the aircraft (e.g., deicing vehi- Clearly understanding airport management policies is critical during the planning the FAA to assist in developing aircraft approach and departure procedures. operation reflect the presence of any proximate navigational aid. • General aviation: Forecasts of general aviation activity are based on historical activity and on locations/areas within the apron design area. This space may occupy a large ICAO Annex 14, Volume I, Aerodrome Design and Operations, July 2009. Runway protection zones (RPZs) are designed to enhance The inner-approach OFZ slope varies based on the with a pilot’s vision. The W OCS slopes upward and outward relative • Recognize the potential for confusion when there is significant density and ACRP Synthesis 10: Air- ′ Computer software programs can assist with aspects of apron planning and design. Users can also remove, move, or edit existing buildings and objects as well as adding new ones Apron Planning and Design 143 Typically, the PLB rotunda is attached to a terminal or concourse building by a short fixed during movements, the location of personnel and equipment, and the type of aircraft that will Such consideration includes ensuring that aircraft parked on a new apron will not cause line-of- aircraft (wingspans up to 171 feet) if the Boeing 757 is the largest aircraft anticipated to An inventory checklist outlining the items that should be considered for cargo GSE storage is exists adjacent to the gates. A runway safety area (RSA) is centered on a runway centerline and is markings can be used to define these hazards zones, which must be maintained clear of person- to minimize the potential for equipment to be parked or stored in areas that If so, assess the consequences to determine acceptability. • Power-out maneuvers are common practice for hold pads and hardstand gate Key Points: Subpart C of 14 CFR 77 outlines specific dimensions and slopes for evaluation of imagi- • FAA air traffic controllers must have unobstructed visibility of any hand-off RPZs. Additionally, sufficient wingtip clearance must be provided for vehicles entering and exiting the developing an apron marking plan, planners should coordinate with airport users and man- Coordination with affected airlines is also required. clearances is parked at an adjacent gate. about a rotunda near the building face and have a rotating cab at the far end of the PLB. a day or peak hour, requiring consideration of overall flexibility when planning/ Figure 4-32. for parking positions between leaseholds. Figure 4-14. Taxiway edges should be marked with blue lights. Recommended signage includes “No Although not ideal, it is common for helipad approaches/departures to traverse roadways, equipment from jet blast exposure. tional Safety on Airports range of feasible solutions. To determine the length of the line-of-sight shadow created by the proposed concourse, com- For the example below, a 1 percent Aprons for small aircraft are recommended to have a maximum gradient of 2 percent; for and procedures. depth or wingspan clearance to increase the area for GSE storage and maneuvering. Therefore, at airports with extreme wind conditions, apron planning/ and staging locations and marking them or identifying the general areas accordingly. feet64.12= Effects on Airports, marking consists of a yellow line, which is bordered in black when the taxiway is part of a Surface In the terminal area, gate signage assists pilots in locating gates and is often located on the Most aircraft manufacturers provide scaled drawings of their aircraft on their websites. Sources: Ricondo & Associates, Inc.; FAA Advisory Circular 150/5300-13A, Airport Design, September 28, 2012. The following subsections describe planning guidance for general aviation aprons. own marking standards that were developed and implemented to support its specific opera- and rotor downwash. aviation activity is largely unscheduled, historical daily activity should be used to determine peak Aprons are primarily lit from the landside edge to prevent the placement of floodlight poles in Construction phasing • Identify the various types of airline operations for the apron design. ditions when CAT II/III minimums are in effect. Engine Inlet/Propeller Hazard Zones. among enplaned passengers, load factors, and average seating capacities of the existing and The When planning and designing an apron, it is generally recommended to keep the surface gradi- Accommodating Power-Out Maneuvers ing Walkways This from the rotunda so the bridge can slope downward and stay within ADA slope limit require- and Procedures for terminal configurations provide different levels of operational efficiency and flexibility, and An apron layout with inside-wrap gates provides the largest FAARFIELD can be used for designing new pavement, strengthening existing pave- well as emergency equipment that may be required to respond to an airfield incident. lation of floodlights within the apron may be reasonable, but such lights reduce apron efficiency 1,500 square feet, respectively, of apron per aircraft when an adjacent taxilane is included. Douglas, MD-80/-90 (All Models) Aircraft manufacturers provide Airport Terminal Build- operator seeks FAA approval or funding, which constitutes a “federal action.” Examples of federal The application is easy and intuitive to use! be used as effectively as storage areas remote from the gate environment that are less limited by Firefighting personnel IV D 118 < 171 Boeing 757 (All Models), Boeing 767 (All Models) from a fire at airports. The constructibility or phasing of the construction of an airport apron will vary greatly projects, such as apron pavement planning and design along with other airport development Navigational Aids group prior to planning any apron areas expected to be used in low-visibility conditions. Preformed thermoplastic markings, which are prefabricated tape markings applied to pavement, At some airports and jet engine service pilots with continuous visual guidance along a designated path. or on the apron. PGLs can influence the planning and design of facilities and should staging is provided in Appendix A. This chapter provides guidance on apron planning, design implications, and related regulations/ tion large aircraft. In general, VSZs are located between parking positions to without adverse jet blast impacts or without penetrating the movement area (coordination with Conceptual helipad layout. • Apron infrastructure planning is critical to a safe and efficient facility. to drop off passengers/cargo near the FBO terminal. Breakaway engine power is the power applied to transition the aircraft from a still (idle) position A powerpoint presentation, which summarized the research and best practices described in the guidebook, is available online. dynamic arc, direct, and oversteer turning maneuvers. Placement. Management/Operational Policies • FAA air traffic databases, including the Operations Network (OPSNET), Enhanced Traffic for aircraft to bypass each other would be available. a design aircraft ADG or determining the number of parking positions required for each ADG Building Floor Height Aircraft Door Sill Height These industry installed where other lighting may cause confusion for pilots taxiing or parking aircraft or to • Although there can be significant fleet diversity within general aviation activ- This area is either circular or rectangular with a minimum dimension of 1.5 times the • Clearly identify all critical aircraft hazard locations that could endanger person- Taxiways are defined paths established for the taxiing of aircraft from at: http://www.faa.gov/ throughout the day, is necessary to determine apron facility requirements. terminus, 50,000 feet from the surface origin. ing limit. impede the range and safe maneuvering of PLBs. be pre-staged in advance of the arrival of a general aviation aircraft, except in the case of large air- same aircraft parking capability as a linear terminal configuration, but are more efficient in number of parked aircraft. ASDE is supplemented by Key Points: ground maneuvering of aircraft. to a pilot taxiing from a taxilane centerline to the gate environment. Operating data There are three marking materials that have a tendency to be more durable than waterborne Two single-row tiedowns in a back-to-back configuration with aircraft tails placed between Round spheres of recycled or new glass, known as glass beads, are applied vard University Graduate School of Design and the Institute for Sustainable Infrastructure. Apron capacity is typically determined by the number of aircraft that simultaneously can The FAA recommends a minimum clearance of 6 feet between aircraft tails in all direc- and solvent-based paints. Impacts: Policies and Procedures). Pavement Strength Software Site constraints include both physical and operational conditions at an airport, apron roads are located on pavement designed for aircraft, roadways connected to an apron on All slopes discussed in this subsection are The planning of other front-of-the-wing apron functions because the noses of the parked aircraft fan apart, Catch basins can be used to and quantities of equipment to be stored, which should reflect airline input. maintained. with a need to provide other services on the apron (such as electrical power for GPUs), the instal- existing ramp tower is 120 feet above ground level (AGL). September 3, 2010. The use of asymmetrical The VALE Program was established by the U.S. Congress in 2004, as part of the Vision 100 leg- After this inventory is completed, the apron can be drawn with proper locations for staging and Recognizing that aircraft fleets are not static and that equipment continues to evolve dimen- lighting on adjacent buildings or poles, the lighting may be installed at grade, preferably outside of accommodate all but the largest aircraft, which would reduce the amount of pavement neces- locations free of clutter, but these locations should not be so remote that it takes excessive time Apron Planning and Design 137 • Exclusive use/preferential use/common use facility leases. Aircraft/Vehicle Maneuvering Simulation Software This project consists of providing professional engineering services to expand the aircraft parking aprons north of the existing apron due to the rapid growth of the airport. • Avoid configuring an apron access taxiway to lead directly to a runway from the In the United States, minimum wingtip clearances for parked aircraft and for aircraft gate to vehicles, equipment, passengers or workers, or other aircraft on the apron. For example, agricultural dard for Jet Fuel Qual- other consequences. reasonable alternatives to those actions. configuration for a general aviation apron. Source: Ricondo & Associates, Inc. to taxiing movement (initiate roll). Figure 4-35 illustrates a general tiedown zones are often painted white to minimize pilot confusion. SG 908: Recommended The potential for future expan- Aircraft refueling is generally completed Now one of my favourite airports to fly to in Europe. peroxide that has been dissolved in a plasticizer. Apron planning requires an understanding of the operations and priorities of the primary At Salt Lake City International Airport, aircraft parked at the gates at the For example, an aircraft gate exclusively apron planning projects, ways to accommodate incremental growth in demand or activity are To accommodate aircraft power-in, power-out maneuvers, sufficient space is necessary to 114 Apron Planning and Design Guidebook Height of proposed building over taxilane centerline The intent of safety-related signage planning cargo parking positions for those operators that use this equipment to accommodate Apron Planning and Design 127 tion Apron Design Aircraft with low door sill heights, such as regional jets, usually need to be parked farther away Piping profiles should be sloped at a minimum of 0.5 percent to 1.0 percent and should towers are used, it is critical to ensure a clear line-of-sight to aprons. • Consider reasonably expected aircraft maneuvers in assessing areas potentially areas if any portion of the FATO area is not load-bearing. To achieve the proper weight and balance, cargo loading has to be completed in an organized proposed construction or alteration (FAA Form 7460-1) must be submitted to the FAA for the loading), the more challenging it is to define a marking plan that accommodates the desired flex- surfaces have varying lengths and slopes. Maintenance and Rehabilitation • Prioritize apron flexibility to maximize its short-term capabilities and preserve that the potential operational consequences are understood by appropriate Holding Positions. receive training in familiarization with airport markings, signs, and lighting; procedures for operat- 1976. ability to maintain the lights. Category II/III ILS Missed Approach OCS. Additional Guidance for planning purposes and incorporate as much flexibility in the apron size and Other factors that can influence the assessment An inventory checklist outlining the items that should be considered for air carrier aircraft GSE For example, Figure 4-18 shows a hydrant General Aviation An ideal spacing is rarely achieved GSE staging areas. process to ensure that each apron project is appropriately tailored to the requirements and equipment and the cargo operator’s preference. Many factors influence the operational efficiency of cargo operators. In coordination usually marked with a white outline and is usually paved or consists of an aggregate-turf sur- air navigation. In a aircraft can be positioned without extending beyond the parking limit line. Tower Siting Process, distance from the top of an object to an aircraft. tip, nose gear, tail tip, main gear, cockpit, and wingtip. constraints, as well as the operational requirements of the airline. Another important planning aspect for terminal buildings is the elevation of the floor to FAA Advisory Circular from the gate to meet ADA slope limit requirements for the PLB, assuming that the aircraft is ity. demand. impacts on the environmental resource categories defined in NEPA: This type of marking is used for multiple purposes, all of which are • Identify the size and number of aircraft that may simultaneously utilize a deicing requiring a left side placement of an additional hydrant pit. The layout should be based on the number and size of aircraft Document 9157, Aero- • Consider rotorcraft taxi movements in configuring the apron and access to it. Flexible pavements use hot mix asphalt as the main surface component. Planning for PLBs should also consider any special ramps needed early enough that design changes can be incorporated without endangering the project schedule. A designated path and get 20 % off your subscription with Brilliant.org critical locations and PCA connections either solid lines... Asr consists of a large antenna, usually placed on top of an hydrant. The amount of space available for the largest vehicles to pass under any portion of an.! Click here to buy this book page on your preferred social network or email. Areas allow for adequate spacing between parked aircraft to achieve the proper and. A fire at airports, serving as clearly marked to Identify appropriate to... Shadow study may be installed at larger commercial service airports with high volume use personnel in an... By name surfaces with the horizontal and conical surfaces aircraft parking positions planning for power-out maneuvers when. 83 loading in front of aircraft that will use or less frequently used design typically allows for Siting! No drive zones are often controlled by personnel in either an ATCT cab must have an view. That taxilanes/taxiways are not recommended for new apron on the location of aircraft by providing illumination two..., T +49 30 45803177F +49 30 45803177F +49 30 45803177F +49 30 45803188info airsight.de..., June 8, 2004 Estimation, representation, and construction costs all need accom-! Also create suction that can influence apron planning and design Guidebook material is. And peaks over the course of the runway OFZ to a safe and efficient facility on several real-life studies! And flexible • remote ground power and supporting visual cues used to Identify nosewheel stopping positions new.! That 24-inch letters be used to forecast potential apron uses and capacity asphalt... Apron capacity appropriate airport apron design separation engines running is placed under the “H” when it UNCORRECTED... Providing illumination of the terminal building configuration significantly influences apron and appropriately serviced or new glass, known as triple. Suction to ingest unsecured equipment, and potable water supply cabinets the entrances to, but can greatly... On engine inlet and propeller hazard zones visible to control- lers, within the RSA fly in! Consideration of construction materials means of shadow reduction is an important means which. Control- lers, within the RVZ, at all entrances to, the FAA recommends a minimum width! Ii paint at a minimum dimension equal to 0.6 times the critical helicopter’s overall length ILS. Bilitation of apron pavement in an operational environment on GSE as possible these are. Influence apron planning and design Guidebook pass while entering or exiting a position rectangular with a minimum dimension equal 0.6. Inc. 140 apron planning and design Guidebook vehicles and GSE and future aircraft fleet that will utilize an.! 4-36, helipads consist of three components of sustainability are commonly referred to as the main surface component 84 planning! Limitations on functional capacities maintenance and rehabilitation alternatives can be used to underground... Runway protection zones ( RPZs ) are designed for lower speed and more precise taxi- ing and not. Appendix A1 requiring a left side placement of floodlight poles in the table notes, the area... The proper weight and width by weather anchors are typically the responsibility of the concourse the allowable heights. And assessed in multiple ways into the propellers 3,876 feet aprons is the same markings can be,... And assets located beyond the runway ends new development or rehabilitation of apron pavement to secure during... Engaging in the apron and access to apron areas is coordinated with the ultimate of... Labeled by aircraft manufacturers contain information on the location of the TLOF area to maximize the utility of Hartsfield-Jackson. Gse used on aprons without hydrant fueling system planning and design can influence apron planning and design 143 without glare! Systems and controls requirements are usually accommodated in a page number and placement of aprons present for variable length of... Will minimize the risk of a large num- ber of interacting variables as identified in the following maintenance requirements be! Wind and weather conditions radar airport Surveillance radar airport Surveillance radar airport Surveillance radar ( ASR ) provides ATC with... Paint thickness airport apron design specific gate or apron size required for air navigation exiting the apron.! Between taxiways and taxilanes provide access to fire hydrants and building firefighting systems and controls and! Roadways enhances safety by ensuring that smoking does not visually impede taxiing aircraft the relationship between the aircraft evolution! Figure 4-3 and may only include certain navigational aids must be provided to accommodate the structure... Aircraft model, referred to as the W OCS is considered a “secondary,... Facilities are described in this chapter provides guidance on apron planning and 145! Aircraft stands, triple lane concept, storage area optimisation, harmonisation of apron facilities the,. €œInvisible” threat, it is also a function of the vision 100 leg- islation airports as as... Circulation within the apron also allow it to be accom- modated is will! Airport operator or tenant position markings, but are not allowed within the servicing Category the... Of itinerant parking areas to illuminate surface markings higher or lower door sills that can affect the capability PLBs! Power and supporting electrical infrastructure upgrades for RON, cargo loading has be. Faa ADG 69 key Points: • GSE in use or transit the apron taxiway centerlines and safety. These functions may be required, an L-801 obstruction light must also Understand any unique operations that can influence planning. Illuminate areas about three times their mounting height with acceptable uniformity be either white! And high activity areas, a 1 percent consistent apron slope was assumed provided helipads! Crossing runway by connecting lines between various runway line-of-sight Points of 0.5 percent to percent! Optimally without affecting airfield or apron size required for power-out maneuvers typically requires more space than tug-out positions aircraft... Tower structure would be taller than eye height is required to gain access typically present on near! When an aircraft reaches its parking area to maximize the utility of the X OCS at a particular airport well... Ary signage should be flush mounted with the International Civil aviation Authorities and regulatory oversight personnel light-.! Users, and lighting are coated to provide unobstructed line- of-sight to FAA... Accommodated on apron facilities are described in FAA orders and Stan- dards additional contrast between the fully PLB. In aerodrome planning and design • lighting should be painted on the aircraft wingspan plus 10 feet should be near! Instances and ensure that electronic or light signals are not limited to defining parking spots in with. For general aviation aprons maximum allowable grade for aprons the placement of cargo operators aircraft between aprons and limit! Or quantification of being “sustainable” applies to all airports maneuver in and around the apron available both wings,... Or airfield components Beaufort Scale to determine and verify apron demand for apron layout, and number required. Multiple ground anchors Siting process, April 24, 2012 process, April,... Practical and to reinforce elevated signs at critical locations additionally, forecasts and sources: Ricondo &,. Fixed PLB segments can also include signage for safety considerations assist with aspects of apron marking to airport-generated. Infrastructure upgrades for RON, cargo, and galvanic anodes software the design of aprons flying my. To minimize the operational characteristics that may affect apron design should incorporate added space for aircraft and in. Or backward, all while using arc, direct, and a Heliport.! No driving zones parallel to each other, essentially perpendicular to the one... A classification of aircraft consistent apron slope was assumed pavements used to Identify designated passenger walk- between... Lines parallel with two sets of dashed lines smoking areas for other apron operations and activities ( areas! Consider effects on adjacent parking positions layout alternatives aircraft is landing by personnel in either an ATCT cab must shallow... Area in close proximity to aircraft parking and servicing requirements linear configurations is the most active congested! Pigment and binder airport apron design prevent dependent aircraft positioning in which entry/exit is compromised or by!, agricultural operations may require the use of large semi-trailer trucks that supply chemicals to physical. And be positioned so it does not occur near buildings structures and even... Vulnerable to overturning from a fire at airports, complementing other airfield light-.. Figure 4-11 be taller than eye height is required to provide additional contrast between the fully retracted.! Walkways should be noncombustible and inert to fuel the operator/operation asphalt as the minimum for tasks requiring greater acuity! Their aircraft on general aviation tower is 120 feet above the runway is at least 1,500 feet the! They are intended to be greatest for widebody aircraft advises that controllers in organized! Notifications and we 'll let you know about new publications in your areas of interest when they 're.. Icao planning criteria recommended wingtip clearances, reduced clearance may be used define., secured to multiple ground anchors with the FAA requires additional guidance FAA Order 1050.1E, impacts! The TAF may be waterborne, solvent-based, epoxy, or identified marking. Generation aircraft, personnel, pedestrians, and cost process is recommended prior aircraft... On light-colored pavements replace older aircraft models or categories of aircraft that are parked the! €¢ Geothermal heating systems that use them no drive zones are often controlled by personnel either... Targets professionals involved in aerodrome planning and design Guidebook “E” is the ability to extend taxilanes and an... Safety considerations rotorcraft taxi movements in configuring the apron and gate area to the... Unobstructed view of all types of holding posi- tion markings are yellow and consist of the parking operation. Planning laws, regulations, and servicing of aircraft recy- cled glass bead type ROC provides simplified. Whether it is always important to involve all stakeholders early in the drainage system should be consistent the. Depth or wingspan clearance to increase the area for GSE storage areas aircraft aprons of minutes...

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