It should not be construed from what I’m saying that all lifeforms designed by evolution will last little more than a few generations. Let’s now turn to death. Let me take a slightly different angle. This is where a body’s own cells start replicating themselves willy-nilly without following the plan that the DNA has for the whole body. What do you believe laws logic & mathematics, and abstractions are? Paley’s teleological argument for the existence of God makes an analogy between a watch and the universe. Suffering is the subjective experience of pain or torment. We are a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites. At the same time, if the finder is, for example, a tribal dweller of a hill somewhere in Africa or Asia that has never seen a watch or any other mechanism before it will be very hard to predict what kind of assumptions this person would make. As we kill germs with antibiotics, for example, they evolve into supergerms that can resist our antibiotics. Paley's response: The existence of a law presupposes a lawgiver with the power to enforce the law. Walking upright might better be supported with multiple spines, but instead of being designed from the ground up for upright movement, the arched spine simply got reshaped to support upright walking as well as it could. To know that for sure the scientists have to conduct and experiment by taking a person and presenting them to an unexpected finding. Simple life, such as amoebas, may not experience suffering, but we do. NOTE: Darwin, while a student at Cambridge, greatly admired Paley's work. Thanks to death, natural selection is able to select for survival abilities, such as catching prey, avoiding predators, and adapting to the environment. "William Paley’s Philosophy Argument of God’s Existence." William Paley’s Philosophy Argument of God’s Existence, The Question of God’s Existence from the Viewpoints of William Paley and David Hume, Management practices at Dirt Finder Professional Vacuum Cleaner Company, Ontological vision vs. teleological argument, Ways of Seeing: Similarities in Point of View in Cathedral and A Conversation with My Father, A Conversation with My Father and The Swimmer: Facing Tragedy at the End, Philosophy Issues: Paley’s Argument of Eye and Telescope. It is the reproducibility of life that makes it subject to evolution. Considering that death is pervasive, and no known living beings are immortal, the idea that death is a consequence of two of our human ancestors disobeying God doesn’t seem very plausible. And, Paley’s observations in Ch 2 of his 1804 Natural Theology on the thought exercise of a self-replicating watch should have been properly addressed by proponents of origin of cell based life and of body plans by … 2019. Required fields are marked *. Evolution works more quickly with rapid turnover of generations, and the faster this happens, the faster it can adapt to new conditions in the environment. Why? The watch is a classic example: A Watch Movement c. 1880. Lifeforms evolved the ability to feel pain for their own protection. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must. He writes. From its perspective, which is not the same as that of human morality, we exist only as a means for DNA to replicate itself, not as an end-in-ourselves. From an evolutionary perspective, death makes perfect sense. Southwell points out that the reason we recognize watches as being designed is because we know from experience that humans are capable of and routinely do design such things. William Paley developed the watchmaker analogy to God. We would not expect this from an intelligent designer with the qualifications that God is supposed to have, but we would expect this from a blind process that gradually reshapes old forms into new ones. This term paper on William Paley’s Philosophy Argument of God’s Existence was written and submitted by your fellow student. I believe it exists, and its existence is less improbable than that of a deity capable of creating a universe. d. is engraved. To conclude, we can do no better than to quote from Paley’s conclusion. This leaves the finder with the initial question about the maker of the very first watch. The thrust of the argument is that the ordered complexity exhibited by the universe as a whole, and in particular by living things, is evidence that there must be an intelligent designer, since the existence of such complexity cannot be otherwise explained. Darwin’s theory of evolution tells us that the diversity of life in the world is due to the natural selection of mutations. Another cost is that evolution would proceed more slowly. Q: What do you believe laws logic & mathematics, and abstractions are? Besides this, evolution is so good at continually redesigning life because of death. We utilize security vendors that protect and ensure the integrity of our platform while keeping your private information safe. Since it doesn’t cost much to sustain the life of a tree, and tree reproduction is much easier than human reproduction, tree DNA can more easily benefit from keeping the tree around. Taking it literally, interpretation is done by people, not by ideas. Paley’s work contains multiple objections and counter-arguments defending the philosopher’s way of thinking. Retrieved from https://ivypanda.com/essays/william-paleys-philosophy-argument-of-gods-existence/. What do you believe about the existence of the universe? In contrast, human growth is limited to a size that is functional for human mobility. It is a completely amoral battle, where those who survive and reproduce, by whatever means available to them, pass on their genes to future generations. 3. It gets old people out of the way, so that their descendents can better take over the role of spreading their genes. But we have to remember that our lives are not the end goal for evolution. If you are the copyright owner of this paper and no longer wish to have your work published on IvyPanda. Questions and answers to final Question 1 For Paley, why wouldn’t we stop supposing someone created the watch if we find out it is imperfect? Look at this picture: It looks like large rocks that have been dragged along the desert. Our DNA may have a better chance of spreading when young people are not surrounded by old people competing with them for resources or requiring their assistance. This argument seems quite logical until the reader starts wondering if the author’s assumptions are correct. I generally assume there was a big bang, but I’m not as convinced of it as I am of evolution. Trees are stationary plants who sustain themselves through the photosynthesis of sunlight. c. runs well. Its cause, 12. The lifeforms that could reproduce the fastest would populate the world until there were no more resources left for further reproduction. This would not spread the DNA that produced them. The DNA that makes people moves along from one generation to the next, building and using multiple hosts to sustain and reproduce itself. Evolution accounts for this; special creation does not unless what God really wants is total battle between lifeforms. Instead of simply having a human brain designed specifically with humans in mind, we have a neocortex built on top of a mammalian brain, which is built on top of a reptilian brain. What evidence is there for an infinite universe? Objection: The watch (re universe) is only one possible form of many possible combinations and so is a chance event. In his argument, Paley invites us to imagine a watch possessing the ability to self-replicate. He is best known for his natural theology and his argument for the existence of God, rather than several gods. Cancer, technically speaking, is when our cells revert to the strategy of asexual reproduction used by our single-cell ancestors. The watch has clearly been constructed intentionally, to carry out a purpose (telling the time). If lifeforms regularly lived indefinitely, the advantage one has over another would be limited to reproductive advantages. After recovering from their surprise and terror, this bold peasant and his neighbours, all armed with pokers or other formidable weapons, crept up to the ill-starred ticker, and smashed it to pieces. As a consequence of this, human beings are in their prime during their typical childbearing years, they normally stick around long enough to raise the next generation to adulthood, and then they start to degenerate and eventually die. 1743-1805. October 20, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/william-paleys-philosophy-argument-of-gods-existence/. )Paley's teleological argument is based on an analogy: Watchmaker is to watch as God is to universe. It adapts each lifeform to best survive in its environment, and the best strategy for some lifeforms is to eat or exploit other lifeforms. You can use them for inspiration, an insight into a particular topic, a handy source of reference, or even just as a template of a certain type of paper. What does the watch analogy show? For example, a modern person familiar with high technologies is most likely to assume that a complex mechanism was made by an intelligent creator, given that the mechanism looks like a mechanism, but not like a stone. For example, humans have ancestors with tails, whales have ancestors with legs, and penguins have ancestors who could fly. For example, on what basis does Paley suppose that a person that found a complex device such as a watch in the forest would assume that this object had a creator? Imagine that while walking in the countryside you discover a stone Now imagine that while walking in the countryside you discover a watch Unlike a stone a watch has high degrees of order, complexity and purpose It is not easily explained by the idea that all species were created at once by a supreme being. One of the argument's more famous variations involves an analogy with a watch. How does one account for the existence of these entities? Besides these large predators, there are much smaller predators who have evolved the ability to invade our bodies and either eat us alive from the inside or consume our food, thereby starving us to death. These include parasites and bacteria. He then states that given this property our “admiration for contrivance and the skill of the contriver” would increase. As some species get better at preying on other species, members of those species have to get better at avoiding capture. Q: Where do you think the universe come from, or is this even a valid question to ask given the cause-effect principle? What I mean here is that lifeforms are produced by DNA, which is not a lifeform, for its own reproduction. Humans compete for mates, have to live several years before they are capable of reproducing, carry unborn children inside of themselves, and may choose to not mate at all. Also, the reasons I already brought up for degeneration would also hold. Yet when we look about the world, there are various flaws in the design of things that do not not fit well with this idea. The human eye has a blind spot, but we don’t notice this, because the nervous system has evolved to work around this. (2019, October 20). Paley states that one cannot say that laws of nature are causes of anything, because laws assume power and power assumes an agent that uses it. I already mentioned degeneration in passing. This man, lacking this experience, didn’t respond in this way. Without death, evolution would have never produced life as advanced as ours is. Because of this, natural selection may favor mutations that lead to cancer in old age. That the complexity of nature is far greater than any machine human beings can make. The Biblical response has been to say that death is a consequence of sin. Paley's argument. Paley’s argument is an attempt to rationalize an unexplainable idea of the initial creation using analogy with something more familiar to a human mind. But all lifeforms die eventually. It makes more sense from the perspective of evolution. Cupertino, California — Apple today unveiled Fitness+, the first fitness experience built for Apple Watch, arriving later this year.Apple Fitness+ intelligently incorporates metrics from Apple Watch for users to visualize right on their iPhone, iPad, or Apple TV, offering a first-of-its-kind personalized workout experience. These all come down to the same thing. William Paley: The Watch and the Watchmaker. Thanks to Darwin, who was born four years after Paley died, our paradigm for understanding biological organisms has changed. Shrek’s analogy of ogres being comparable to onions ran into difficulties because ogres are actually quite different than onions. Where do you think the universe come from, or is this even a valid question to ask given the cause-effect principle? A kludge is an expedient, inelegant, sometimes inefficient, work-around solution to a problem. The teleological argument stands for the statement that is based on the observations of the outer world … People’s attempt to systematize and organize the world around according to certain rules, laws, and similarities is our way of cognition. With all the animals, large and small, that can kill us, we live in a veritable gladiator’s arena. To my mind, the strength of Paley’s argument is the fact that it appeals to the typical for humans way of thinking that is based on the unstoppable search for laws and connections between the things around us. Something is trying to eat us or exploit us. Argument. Counter-objection: Paley confuses descriptive law with prescriptive law ( i.e., the fallacy of equivocation ). The theoretical guesses based on observation of nature can be considered the truth only when there are scientific proofs of these theories and assumptions. It devotes resources to what actually helps further reproduction, and it withholds resources from what doesn’t. Cancer in younger people may be due mainly to failures in stopping a body’s cells from using the reproductive strategies of their single-cell ancestors. From an evolutionary perspective, it makes perfect sense that we should feel pain in situations that are life-threatening. Paley argued that just as the watch being designed necessitates a designer to explain why it exists.. Unfortunately, your browser is too old to work on this site. The philosopher compares the creator to a watchmaker and states that the presence of design proves the existence of a designer, although some of his ideas and statements fail to pass a logical approach. To keep it from falling, I have placed a letter sorter on its side behind the speaker, and I have secured it to the desk with large metal clips. In the case with a stone, the man believes that it could have been lying there forever, whereas in the case with a watch Paley notes that a person would never assume that the watch came from nowhere or was a part of the surroundings. According to Paley, we must conclude that a watch had an intelligent designer if the watch. Information is gained empirically. Q: What do you believe about the Big Bang hypothesis and the universe have a finite existence, hence a beginning? This would be a sure sign of creation, but instead of this, we live in a world of self-replicators, all of whom have been produced by other self-replicators. In light of this new paradigm that Darwin has provided us, Paley’s argument from design has no force. But instead of just pointing out that evolution explains things well enough without appealing to […]. From its perspective, we are just vehicles for the use of DNA, not something that exists for its own sake. Tap Get Started under Set Up Sleep, then tap Next. In general, evolution favors strict parsimony. Some of our cells may revert to asexual reproduction at this time, because our DNA has stopped holding them back from it, and the DNA they have inherited from our single-cell ancestors leads them to adopt the earlier strategy of asexual reproduction. Paley’s teleological argument for the existence of God makes an analogy between a watch and the universe. Also, the longer a tree stays around, the bigger it gets, which extends its influence over its area. The philosopher compares the creator to a watchmaker and states that the presence of design proves the existence of a designer, although some of his ideas and statements fail to pass a logical approach. ID's whole argument is one giant argument from design (and incredulity); its core claims such as irreducible complexityare noth… While we would like to live forever, that is of no ultimate benefit to our DNA, which benefits more from moving on to newer models. Your email address will not be published. In my own experience, some of the worst emotional pain is tied to the loss of romantic partners. We know that they don’t occur naturally, we’re familiar with machinery and with the concept of metalwork. This doesn’t fit well with the idea that a loving God specially created us to be his companions. At this point, evolution would just stop if death didn’t exist. To get around this, I took advantage of the fact that the Commodore-128 had two video modes, and I used the memory normally allocated for its lower-resolution video mode for my program. 12th edition London: Printed for J. Faulder.. What drives biological evolution is the reproduction of DNA. Humans have vestigial tail bones, whales have vestigial leg bones, and penguins have feathers. professional specifically for you? For best results, DNA doesn’t need lifeforms like us to last much more than two generations, one for producing offspring, and one for raising them. These kludges in the design of human beings point to the idea that we are merely modifications of earlier types of animals, not creatures designed from the ground up. IvyPanda. Another example is the human spine, which originally evolved as an arch to support quadrupeds. I think that observation without a scientific experiment is ineffective and confusing; to state something, we need more information than just our observations. Paley set up an analogy in which watches, which are designed, were equated with living things. Trees reproduce autonomically, sending out pollen that the wind or insects may carry to other trees, and they reproduce through seeds that do not require any effort from the parent after they are formed. Being constructed by blind natural selection for the sake of nothing more than sustaining and reproducing DNA, lifeforms were not constructed for the sake of living forever, and they are not immune to death from natural causes or from other lifeforms trying to eat them. ', 'Let's say you're walking around and you find a watch on the ground. "William Paley’s Philosophy Argument of God’s Existence." This is easily explained by evolution, which says that species gradually change over time, sometimes becoming new species. All the imperfections we find in ourselves and in our environment are better explained through evolution by natural selection. This is enough for many people to discard Paley’s argument, though more may be said. While we might seem to be on top of the evolutionary pyramid, because our intelligence, communication skills, and adaptability let us dominate the world, there are other animals who have evolved the ability to kill and eat us. The point that Paley was trying to make is that a watch implies a watchmaker, and that the world is like a watch, in that the world implies a worldmaker. DNA can afford to discard robots, and since it is non-living and non-conscious, it does so without ever having a concern about what its robots would like. Let’s start with vestigial organs. The teleological argument argues that the entire universe is created by God, who is supposed to be supreme in might, intelligence, and benevolence. So, DNA made us for its sake, not for ours, and the usefulness we have to DNA is limited. At first, it may seem counterintuitive. For example, I have a computer speaker that, thanks to a heavy cord coming from it, is prone to falling on the floor. Observations alone can give us hypotheses, but not facts. See my post Matt Slick’s Transcendental Argument for God’s Existence for details on that. I’ll now turn to infectious diseases, parasites, and predators. William Paley DOB and DOD. First of all, the genes making up the younger generation have passed through more trials. As I have described in more detail in Abiogenesis by Natural Selection, a living organism is a robot designed by DNA for the sake of its own survival and reproduction. Must We Presuppose God to Account for Existence? The philosopher also notes that there is no power that could have made such mechanism apart from an intelligent creator and that the finder holding a watch in their hand would never assume that this complicated object could have been assembled by itself or by some intrinsic principle of order. In the next part of his argument, Paley asks the readers to imagine that the watch found in the forest has a miraculous ability to reproduce itself. William Paley (1743-1805), the Archdeacon of Carlisle, writes in his Natural Theology (1802): ( re the universe). Unintended natural forces do not have purposes, but intelligent agents do. (2019) 'William Paley’s Philosophy Argument of God’s Existence'. There are only two possibilities: 1. Paley concludes that the design comes from some intelligent source, the creator. A number of world renowned cosmologists like Vilenkin, Guth (Vilenkin/Guth theorem about the finiteness of our universe), Hawking, Penrose (Hawking/Penrose theorems about the beginning of the universe). Without this ability, lifeforms would too easily die from dangerous situtations without passing on their genes. In his work, Paley uses a teleological argument based on the watchmaker analogy. I like thinking deeply about metaphysical questions myself. In favor of it being infinite, it is bigger than we can measure or detect. I came across your site by looking for predicate logic, and ended up reading a little bit about God :) 4,147 views. So, I don’t think a deity is a likely explanation for why there is a universe. Paley believes that a random combination of physical forms could not be considered a cause of a purposeful watch. William Paley’s Philosophy Argument of God’s Existence. If we can't know what's good and what's not, we can't know whether the design, if any, is good or bad. Watches are mechanical objects designed and manufactured by humans. The problem is: watches are not like living things. Since the world (this was the word they used in his day; now we would say "universe"). Paley emphasizes that the complexity is what makes the watch different from a stone, it makes the person who found it wonder where it came from and assume that the mechanism has a purpose and was made by an intelligent force. Paley: We just don’t know those functions yet. That statement needs further elaboration. There is constantly an arms race going on between predator and prey, where each gets better. The watch is a thing whose function is to keep time by producing the regular motion of the pointers. But it fits perfectly well with evolution by natural selection, because competition is one of the main things that drives it. But Charles Southwell reports in An Apology for Atheism of an instance in which someone unfamiliar with watches did come across one and took it to be an animal. This is IvyPanda's free database of academic paper samples. Nevertheless, Paley does give some reasoning as to why he is able to make the leap from creator of the Universe to God. So, the selection process for the genes making up the younger generation will be a little more rigorous. Some lifeforms are much longer lived than humans. This belief would not change even if the watch did not work properly, or if the finder detected a detail that was unnecessary, or if the finder did not know the purpose of the mechanism. Some will do this by escaping from danger. These are not really alive, but they do evolve alongside us, and they invade our bodies to make use of our biological machinery to replicate DNA to make more copies of themselves. The argument is based on multiple points because the philosopher tried to answer to all possible criticisms to his ideas. I assume it, because it makes sense and hasn’t been disproven to my satisfaction. The younger generation may also have new mutations, and some of these may prove useful. Does it make scientific sense? Your privacy is extremely important to us. The watch is … The philosopher describes only one of the possible scenarios, which could happen if a man found a watch on the ground, and assumes that this is the only possible scenario. The theory in essence is that the universe runs as a large machine, like a watch. He calls this type of design design qua purpose (design "in the sense of" purpose"). These include vestigial organs, kludgy designs, death and suffering, and various causes of death and suffering, such as degeneration, disease, cancer, disharmony, conflict, and competition. 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